Abstract

Our analysis of literary works across various eras in Chinese history revealed a fascinating evolution of cultural values. The Analects of Confucius (classical era) emphasized social hierarchy, filial piety, and ethical idealism. Filial piety was a recurring theme, reinforced through quotes like "Respect your parents..." (Analects 1:2). Clear distinctions between rulers and subjects were also evident, promoting order and stability. The Dream of the Red Chamber (Ming Dynasty) presented a contrasting picture. While reflecting the patriarchal norms of the time through its portrayal of female characters, it also hinted at emerging individualism through characters like Lin Daiyu. Ethical idealism was often conveyed through moral vocabulary and Confucian sayings. The Analects, for instance, used terms like "仁义道德" (ren yi dao de) to emphasize the importance of benevolence and righteousness. Family hierarchy was reinforced through specific kinship terms and respectful language. The use of titles like "父亲" (fùqīn - father) and verbs like "遵从" (zuncóng - to obey) underscored the authority of elders and the obligation of obedience within families. Finally, the kinship system was reflected by the use of distinct terms for paternal and maternal relatives, as well as verbs highlighting reciprocal obligations within the family network.